The End of Everything : Opening of Window to Mysteries of Space

Reading challenge During The Lockdown: 

The End of Everything-Katie Mack 

Reading opens doors to exciting new world. During the lockdown, I regained my old passion of reading. The latest book, I read is The End Everything by Katie Mack. The author Katherine J. Mack is a theoretical cosmologist and Assistant Professor at North Carolina State University. Her research investigates dark matter, vacuum decay and the epoch of reionisation. The book is an interesting read. 

“PHYSICS is wild.” Katie Mack repeats this on at least two occasions in The End of Everything. It is a mantra for her book, which guides readers on a tour of some of the wildest areas of physics and how they will someday contribute to the end of the universe.

There has  been endless  speculation about how the world will end—nuclear war, engulfed by the sun, a collision with an asteroid—but what about the end of the whole universe? We know the Big Bang kicked it off, but what about its eventual demise? Astrophysicist and science writer Katie Mack takes a deep dive into this intriguing question in her new book, The End of Everything.

Mack divides the universe-ending possibilities into five scenarios: the big crunch (the idea that the expanding universe could be pulled back into itself); heat death (when the universe reaches maximum entropy, or disorder); the big rip (the ripping apart of the universe by dark energy); vacuum decay (the collapse of the universe due to instability); and bounce (the concept that the universe is cyclical, continually being destroyed and reset). She explains each of these theories in detail, using charts, timelines, graphs, cosmic maps and diagrams to help illustrate the science behind each concept.

These varying apocalyptic endings sound terrifying, but Mack tackles them with humor and authority. She uses scientific jargon that could be straight out of a science fiction movie, such as “particle horizon,” “cosmic inflation” and “dark matter,” and defines these phrases in layman’s terms for those of us who are more physics-challenged. She also makes complicated theories more accessible by comparing them to relatable scenarios. For example, she describes the continual receding pattern of a collapse-fated universe right up until the expansion stops completely as “that top-of-the-roller-coaster-moment.”

For a book on a seemingly grim subject, it made me chuckle on many occasions, particularly the footnotes, which read like a director making snarky asides about her own film. The main text is more like an animated discussion with your favourite quirky and brilliant professor. Its references range from William Shakespeare and Nicolaus Copernicus to Friedrich Nietzsche and modern science fiction.

What stands out most is Mack’s pure enjoyment of physics, and it is contagious. She describes primordial black holes as “awfully cute in a terrifying theoretical kind of way”, antimatter as “matter’s annihilation-happy evil twin”, grand unified theories as “all-in-one particle physics part[ies]” and the universe as “frickin’ weird”. All of these are true, and Mack entertainingly explains why.

The frame for Mack’s rollicking tour through the nooks and crannies of physics is an exploration of the ways our universe might end, from the relatively mundane (everything just keeps getting further apart forever) to the mildly terrifying (a bubble of death that expands at the speed of light until it devours everything without warning).

We don’t know for sure which of these dooms will occur because some of the biggest questions in the universe, such as the nature of dark matter and dark energy, remain unanswered.

Mack acknowledges that many of these concepts are hard to explain without heavy use of mathematics, and then goes on to explain them expertly with no equations whatsoever.

“The book is like an animated discussion with your favourite quirky and brilliant professor”

As I spend a lot of my time reading about cosmology and speaking to cosmologists about these issues, I didn’t expect to learn too many new facts and concepts. I was pleasantly surprised. I learned a great deal, including how white dwarf stars work, how extra dimensions might affect our own universe and the ominous nature of the big crunch, in which the entire universe contracts and returns to its beginning state.

Mack’s explanations range from the colossal (galaxies colliding) to the seemingly humdrum (why air conditioners are bad for the environment), and she seems to have unending curiosity and enthusiasm for all of it.

Like any physics book, there are areas that are somewhat confusing – Mack could no more get me to understand “large” or “small” extra dimensions than the cosmologist I once asked to confirm that a small extra dimension wasn’t “small like a jelly bean”. But overall, the clarity was refreshing, even when the state of physics theory on the matter is somewhere between “we are still trying to understand” and “we will probably never know”.

Unlike any other astrophysicist or cosmologist I have asked, she manages to coherently explain the big rip, in which dark energy tears asunder everything from clusters of galaxies down to single atoms, without using the word “virialised” (physics jargon that basically means “gravitationally bound and stable”).

It is also refreshing, the state of the world being what it is right now, to read about something larger.

Every one of the scenarios in the book is only likely to take place billions of years in the future, long after Earth has been vapourised in the expanding sun.

As the final chapter acknowledges, there are infinite ways to feel about the end of the universe, and you may feel differently about different sorts of end. No matter how hard things are here on Earth right now, at least the universe hasn’t become so hot that even stars “catch fire”.

What all the endings have in common is to highlight the vastness of the universe, and the banality of our everyday existence.

If you need a moment to be distracted from everyday life and journey to the deep cosmic future, I highly recommend The End of Everything.

In it, Mack seems unable to help describing complex physics concepts as “fun” and “cool”. She is right, and her book is also fun and cool.